The varied practices these changes have brought about have meant that academic ranks in the United Kingdom and in Australia are no longer quite as consistent as they once were. Some universities, including the University of Exeter, University of Reading, University of Warwick, Staffordshire University, Swansea University, University of Birmingham and Kingston University have adopted the style of 'associate professor' in lieu of 'reader'. Similar hierarchies among the professoriate exist in a small number of other UK universities. This results in a two-tier professoriate, with statutory professors – or named chairs – having higher status than the relatively recently created category of titular professors. ĭuring the 1990s, however, the University of Oxford introduced Titles of Distinction, enabling their holders to be termed professors or readers while holding academic posts at the level of lecturer. Traditionally, heads of departments and other senior academic leadership roles within a university were undertaken by professors. In some countries, senior lecturers are generally paid the same as readers, but the latter title is awarded primarily for research excellence, and traditionally carries higher prestige. In most universities, professorships are reserved for only the most senior academic staff, and other academics are generally known as ' lecturers', ' senior lecturers' and ' readers' (in some Commonwealth countries such as Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, the title 'associate professor' can be used instead of 'reader' ). A personal chair is awarded specifically to an individual in recognition of their high levels of achievements and standing in their particular area or discipline. An established chair is established by the university to meet its needs for academic leadership and standing in a particular area or discipline and the post is filled from a shortlist of applicants only a suitably qualified person will be appointed. In the United Kingdom, like most Commonwealth countries (excluding Australia and Canada), as well as in Ireland, traditionally a professor held either an established chair or a personal chair. In general the country has three academic career pathways: one focused on research, one on teaching, and one that combines the two. Academic ranks in the United Kingdom are the titles, relative seniority and responsibility of employees in universities.
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